The contractile adaption to preload depends on the amount of afterload

Abstract

Aims The Frank–Starling mechanism (rapid response (RR)) and the secondary slow response (SR) are known to contribute to increases contractile performance. The contractility of the heart muscle is influenced by pre-load and after-load. Because of the effect of pre-load vs. after-load on these mechanisms in not completely understood, we studied the effect in isolated muscle strips. Methods and results Progressive stretch lead to an increase in shortening/force development under isotonic (only pre-load) and isometric conditions (pre- and after-load). Muscle length with maximal function was reached earlier under isotonic (Lmax-isotonic) compared with isometric conditions (Lmax-isometric) in nonfailing rabbit, in human atrial and in failing ventricular muscles. Also, SR after stretch from slack to Lmax-isotonic was comparable under isotonic and isometric conditions (human: isotonic 10 ± 4%, isometric 10 ± 4%). Moreover, a switch from isotonic to isometric conditions at Lmax-isometric showed no SR proving independence of after-load. To further analyse the degree of SR on the total contractile performance at higher pre-load muscles were stretched from slack to 98% Lmax-isometric under isotonic conditions. Thereby, the SR was 60 ± 9% in rabbit and 51 ± 14% in human muscle strips. Conclusions This work shows that the acute contractile response largely depends on the degree and type of mechanical load. Increased filling of the heart elevates pre-load and prolongs the isotonic part of contraction. The reduction in shortening at higher levels of pre-load is thereby partially compensated by the pre-load-induced SR. After-load shifts the contractile curve to a better ‘myofilament function’ by probably influencing thin fibers and calcium sensitivity, but has no effect on the SR.