Stochastic absorption of the light of background sources due to intergalactic neutral hydrogen - I. Testing different line-number evolution models via the cosmic flux decrement

Abstract

We test the accuracy of different models of the attenuation of light due to resonant scattering by intergalactic neutral hydrogen by comparing their predictions of the evolution of the mean cosmic flux decrement, D-A, to measurements of this quantity based on observations. To this end, we use data available in the literature and our own measurements of the cosmic flux decrement for 25 quasars in the redshift range 2.71 < z(em) < 5.41 taken from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Data Release 5. In order to perform the measurements of D-A, we fit a power law to the continuum redward of the Ly alpha emission line, and extrapolate this fit to region blueward of it, where the flux is severely affected by absorption due to intervening H-I absorbers. We compute, using numerical simulations, the redshift evolution of D-A accounting for the presence of Ly alpha forest absorbers and Lyman limit systems randomly distributed along the line-of-sight, and compute its intrinsic scatter at the 1 sigma, 2 sigma and 3 sigma level due to fluctuations in the absorber properties (column density, Doppler parameter, redshift) along different lines-of-sight. The numerical simulations consist of Monte Carlo realizations of distributions of the absorber properties constrained from observations. The results from the models considered here confirm our theoretical expectation that the distribution of D-A at any given redshift be well described by a lognormal distribution function. This implies that the effective optical depth, usually defined as the negative logarithm of the average flux, 1 -D-A, is very accurately Gaussian distributed, in contrast to previous studies. This result is independent of the form of the input distribution functions, and rather insensitive to the presence of high column density absorbers, such as the Lyman limit systems. By comparing our and previous measurements of D-A to the outcomes of our simulations, we find an excellent agreement between the observations and the evolution of the mean D-A as predicted by one of the models considered in this work. The observed scatter in D-A at each redshift, however, cannot be recovered from our simulations. Even though there is evidence for the fact that the lack of agreement between models and observations comes from the combination of heterogeneous measurement sets obtained by different methods, the failure of the models to accurately account for the absorption by intergalactic Ly alpha absorbing systems and its variation along different lines-of-sight cannot be completely ruled out.