Identification, Characterization, and Structure Analysis of the Cyclic di-AMP-binding P-II-like Signal Transduction Protein DarA

Abstract

Background: Cyclic di-AMP is an essential second messenger in eubacteria. Results: The c-di-AMP receptor DarA was identified in B. subtilis. The crystal structure and ITC data revealed the nucleotide specificity of DarA. Conclusion: DarA is a P-II-like protein that undergoes conformational changes upon c-di-AMP binding. Significance: A novel P-II-like protein is involved in c-di-AMP signaling. The cyclic dimeric AMP nucleotide c-di-AMP is an essential second messenger in Bacillus subtilis. We have identified the protein DarA as one of the prominent c-di-AMP receptors in B. subtilis. Crystal structure analysis shows that DarA is highly homologous to P-II signal transducer proteins. In contrast to P-II proteins, the functionally important B- and T-loops are swapped with respect to their size. DarA is a homotrimer that binds three molecules of c-di-AMP, each in a pocket located between two subunits. We demonstrate that DarA is capable to bind c-di-AMP and with lower affinity cyclic GMP-AMP (33-cGAMP) but not c-di-GMP or 23-cGAMP. Consistently the crystal structure shows that within the ligand-binding pocket only one adenine is highly specifically recognized, whereas the pocket for the other adenine appears to be promiscuous. Comparison with a homologous ligand-free DarA structure reveals that c-di-AMP binding is accompanied by conformational changes of both the fold and the position of the B-loop in DarA.